17 Acids and Bases.ppt

17 Acids and Bases Answer these questions Arrhenius acids and bases Problems with Arrhenius theory Br?nsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases Problems with B-L theory Evolution of the acid-base concept Lewis acids and bases Relative strengths of acids and bases Skills regarding strength of acids Molecular structure and acid strength Self-ionization of water Solutions of strong acids and bases Some strong acids and bases Neutralization Reactions The pH scale pH meter and pH electrodes Neutrality Answer these questions – review Acid-Base Equilibria Caffeine Ionization of weak acids Some weak acids and bases Determine Ka and percent ionization Application of Ka pH of a weak acid Using the quadratic formula Degree of or percent ionization Polyprotic acids Aspartame - nutrasweet Species concentrations of diprotic acids Species concentrations of weak diprotic acids Beware of Misconceptions Base-ionization constant Common weak bases Evaluate concentrations of species in a 0.10 M H2SO4 solution. Solution: H2SO4 = H+ + HSO4– completely ionized (0.1–0.1) 0.10+y 0.10-y HSO4– = H+ + SO42– Ka2 = 0.012 0.10–y 0.10+y y Assume y = [SO42–] (0.10+y) y ————— = 0.012 (0.10-y) [SO42–] = y = 0.01M [H+] = 0.10 + 0.01 = 0.11 M; [HSO4–] = 0.10-0.01 = 0.09 M Y2 + 0.112 y – 0.0012 = 0 - 0.112+?0.1122 + + 4*0.0012y = —————————————— = 0.0098 2 If concentration’f H2SO4 = 1.0 M, what doUdo? *17 Acid and Base *15 Acid and Base A group of chemical properties is related to acidity. According to these properties, a substance can be called an acid or a base. The word acid comes from Latin acere meaning sour. A base is an alkaline, which is derived from Arabic alqali. Presence of acids and bases have been recognized by ancient people. Lavoisier named oxygen as the element from which acids are derived. Liebig (German) proposed that an acid contains hydrogen. Many chemical reactions are called acid-base reactions; they are not necessarily