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WCDMA Air Interface Training Part 2 CDMA Power Control, RAKE Receiver, and Soft Handover CDMA Reception Issues Unequal received power levels degrade SSMA performance Near-Far Ratio, terrain, RF obstacles, “Turn-the-Corner” effects, ... Multipath fading cancellation Time of Arrival delay spread Effective Power Control Required The Power Control Solution CDMA Power Control CDMA Power Control Multipath Fading Fast (Rayleigh) Fading Why Spread Spectrum ? Radio Environment Delay Profiles The RAKE Receiver CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection Also be used to track other base station’s signal during soft handover One finger used as a “Searcher” to identify other base stations The RAKE Receiver The CDMA Pilot Channel All CDMA standards include a full-time “Pilot” Channel Broadcast by the Base Station Unique to each cell (or sector) Serves as precision coherent phase reference for Downlink channels Equivalent to a continuous-loop transmission of the Cell’s PN code The RAKE Receiver Handover Inter-System Handover Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected Hard Handover When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected Soft Handover Unique to CDMA During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BS’s Handover should be less noticeable Softer Handover Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell Handover is simplified since timing sectors have identical timing Soft Handover CDMA Without Soft Handover CDMA Soft Handover CDMA Soft Handover One finger of the RAKE receiver is constantly scanning neighboring Pilot Channels. When a neighboring Pilot Channel reaches the t_add threshold, the new BS is added to the active set When the original Base Station reaches the t_drop threshold, originating Base Station
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