生物工程下游技术-第四章.ppt

INTRODUCTION Microencapsulation is a process by which a continuous film of polymeric material is coated on tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material. In other words, a microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform surrounding wall. The material inside the microcapsule is called as the core, internal phase, or fill, while the wall is sometimes referred to as a shell, coating or membrane (Kamyshny et al., 2006). Most of the microcapsules are very small spheres whose diameter ranges from a few micrometers to a few millimeters (Torrado et al., 2008). Bioencapsulation is the microencapsulation of a biologically active compound as a core material that is allowed to release at a certain rate (Socaciu, 2007). 3. Protein Concentration and Buffer Exchange Using Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven membrane process used throughout downstream processing for: (1) protein concentration, (2) buffer exchange and desalting, (3) removal of small contaminants, (4) protein purification, and (5) virus clearance. This chapter will consider the first three applications—other chapters in this volume discuss the final two processes. Separation in UF is primarily owing to differences in solute size, with the larger species retained by the membrane whereas the solvent and smaller components pass into the filtrate through the membrane pores. Electrostatic (and other long-range) interactions can also affect the rate of solute transport, e.g., charged solutes are strongly excluded from the membrane pores during operation at low salt concentrations. UF membranes are cast from a wide range of polymers in both flat sheet and hollow fiber form. These membranes have an asymmetric structure with a very thin skin layer (approximately 0.5 μm thick), which provides the membrane its selectivity, and a more macroporous substructure which provides the required mechanical and structural integrity. UF membranes have mean pore size ranging from 10–500?.