矿业新进展.pptVIP

* * GROUND SUPPORT FOR TUNNELS 巷道支护 采矿0902班 吴法权随着坑木的减少，宽翼缘型的出现，钢材，作为一种结构支护材料，迅速的取代了坑木。 In former years, the square or segmented timber set was the only known method for supporting underground excavations. 过去，框形或多节木支架是大家熟悉的唯一支护井下巷道的方法。 As timber become more scarce and wideflange steel shapes made their appearance, steel rapidly displaced timber as a structure-support material. 不论锚杆还是喷射混凝土（包括喷浆及喷混凝土在内）一英尺巷道的支护费用一般比金属支架要低。有时两者同时采用，其费用也比金属支架省。 More recently, rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete have been added to the list of practical ground-support media. 最近锚喷支护也列入矿山实用支护方式。 Either rock bolting or pneumatically applied concrete concrete usually cost less per linear foot of tunnel than steel ribs . Sometime the two are used together and still show a saving over steel ribs. Rock Bolting 锚杆支护 A number of types of tensionable rockbolts presently are available , differing mostly in the arrangement of the expandable device which anchors the end of the bolt to the rock prior to applying the tension by tightening the nut. 现在通用的能张紧的锚杆有许多种，其主要区别在于，拧紧螺帽使锚杆张紧之前，在孔内固定锚头的胀圈结构的不同。 Experimentation frepuently is necessary to determine the type of anchor most suitable to a particular formation of rock. 最适合某种岩石的锚头形式要经常做试验来确定。 Rock bolts must be installed with careful consideration for the jointing pattern of the rock.. They must also be installed in a more or less uniform and regular pattern so that when tensioned they will, with the surrounding rock,produce a homogeneous arch structure against the external stresses acting upon the excavation opening. 安装锚杆时应认真研究岩石节理的规律。锚杆的布置要大致均匀有规律，使锚杆张紧之后能与围岩构成一个相似的拱形结构，以承受作用在巷道上的外部压力。 Pneumatically Applied Concrete 喷射混凝土 Shotcrete or gunite, applied directly to the rock surface of the arched tunnel roof, is rapidly becoming accepted as an effective and economical means of ground support. 喷射混凝土或喷浆，这种把混凝土或砂浆直接喷到拱形巷道顶板岩石表面的方法正迅速地被公认是一种效率高而又经济的巷道支护方式。 It can be used in all types of fair to poor rock or firm earth provided th