Ch_08 Economic Growth II Technology, Empirics, and Policy.pptVIP

Economic Growth II:Technology, Empirics, and Policy经济增长：技术、实证和政策 Chapter 8 In this chapter, you will learn… how to incorporate technological progress in the Solow model 如何在Solow模型中加入技术进步 about policies to promote growth 促进增长的政策 about growth empirics: confronting the theory with facts 关于增长的实证：用事实来验证理论 two simple models in which the rate of technological progress is endogenous 技术进步内生的两个简单模型 Introduction In the Solow model of Chapter 7, the production technology is held constant. 生产技术固定不变 income per capita is constant in the steady state. 稳态时，人均收入固定不变 Neither point is true in the real world: 1904-2004: U.S. real GDP per person grew by a factor of 7.6, or 2% per year. examples of technological progress abound(see next slide). Examples of technological progress技术进步的例子 From 1950 to 2000, U.S. farm sector productivity nearly tripled. 从1950年到2000年，美国农业部门的生产率翻了三倍。 The real price of computer power has fallen an average of 30% per year over the past three decades. 在过去三十年中，计算能力的实际价格平均每年下降30%。 Percentage of U.S. households with ≥ 1 computers:  8% in 1984, 62% in 2003 1981: 213 computers connected to the Internet2000: 60 million computers connected to the Internet 2001: iPod capacity = 5gb, 1000 songs. Not capable of playing episodes of television shows. 2009: iPod capacity = 120gb, 30,000 songs. Can play episodes of television shows. Technological progress in the Solow modelSolow模型中的技术进步 A new variable: E = labor efficiency 引进新的变量：E =劳动效率 Assume: Technological progress is labor-augmenting: it increases labor efficiency at the exogenous rate g: 假设技术进步是劳动扩张型的：以一个外生的比例g 提高劳动效率 Technological progress in the Solow modelSolow模型中的技术进步 We now write the production function as: Technological progress in the Solow modelSolow模型中的技术进步 Notation: y = Y/LE = output per effective worker k = K/LE = capital per effective worker Production function per effective worker: y = f(k) Saving and investment per effective worker: s y = s f(k) Technological