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3.1 An Introduction to Landscape Architecture 3.1.1 Landscape as a System Management, planning, and design as appreciative systems and regenerative processes require that the landscape be addressed as system, and that the designer be actively engaged in integrative systems thinking. Since systems thinking is profoundly different from the reductive approach of twentieth-century Western cultures and has its own language that includes some conventional terms used in non-conventional ways, it is helpful to begin with some definitions. Systems (“wholes” consisting of entities and relationships) function through interrelatedness of parts, and exhibit existential properties independent of these parts. For landscape management, planning and design to effectively integrate diverse systems, landscape designers must be systems, landscape designers must be systems thinkers (thinking integratively and with cognizance of systems dynamics). They must be committed to landscape management, planning, and design that optimize the health and productivity of diverse physical, ecological, and human system. Landscape designers must aspire to manage, plan, and design people-environment relationships of high relevance and deep meaning that are sustainable and regenerative. Since landscape design must integrate diverse systems, it benefits from the knowledge and active participation of a wide range of disciplines and professions. In addition, diverse systems have some concepts, models and properties in common, and landscape design benefits from a general systems approach (integrating systems through an understanding of shared system behaviors). Landscape management, planning, and design will contribute to system health, productivity, and regeneration when decisions integrate with systemic order, promote interdependence, respond to context, promote interdisciplinary knowledge. Thinking outside the box (seeing relationships and connections beyond the boundaries of reductive thought) and syst