12 adversarial search.pptVIP

12 敌对搜索 考察在包含另一个敌对的agent（具有冲突的目标）的世界中，agent做规划时出现的问题。 内容提要 博弈论简介 双agent博弈 极小极大过程 ?-?过程 ?-?过程的搜索效率 其他重要问题 包含运气因素的博弈 学习评价函数 Introduction to Game Theory Brief history Some game-theoretic ideas traced back to the 18-th century. Emile Borel (1871~1956) and John von Neumann (1903~1957) began the major development of game theory. Introduction to Game Theory Game theory became a field since the book of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern published in 1944. Introduction to Game Theory John Nash(1928- ) received his Ph.D. from Princeton University with a 28thesis on his 22-nd birthday. Invented the notion of Nash equilibrium. Wrote a seminal paper on bargain theory. Introduction to Game Theory Game theory is a formal way to analyze strategic interaction among a group of rational players (or agents) who behave strategically. Game theory is a mathematical method for analyzing calculated circumstances (games) where a person’s success is based upon the choices of others. An alternative term suggested as a more descriptive name for the discipline is interactive decision theory. Introduction to Game Theory Rationality Assumptions: humans are rational beings humans always seek the best alternative in a set of possible choices Why assume rationality? narrow down the range of possibilities predictability Introduction to Game Theory Applications Economics and business Political science Biology Computer science and logic Philosophy Introduction to Game Theory Types of Games Perfect vs. Imperfect information Sequential vs. Simultaneous moves Zero vs. non-zero sum Cooperative vs. non-cooperative Introduction to Game Theory An example Prisoner’s Dilemma Introduction to Game Theory Nash Equilibrium: Neither player has an incentive to change strategy, given the other player’s choice. Introduction to Game Theory Another example: The battle of the sexes At the separate workplaces, Chris and Pat must choose to attend either an opera or a prize fight in the evening. Both Chris and Pat kno