nuclear energy english-passages.docVIP

nuclear energy english-passages Our material world is composed of many substances distinguished by their chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties. They are found in nature in various physical states---the familiar solid, liquid, and gas, along with the ionic plasma However, the apparent diversity of kinds and forms of material is reduced by the knowledge that there are only a little over 100 distinct chemical elements and that the chemical and physical features of substances depend merely on the strength of force bonds between atoms. 我们的世界是由许多不同的物质组成，这些物质由于他们不同的化学、机械以及电性质而被区分。他们被发现于各种不同的物理状态——熟悉的有固态、液态以及气态，还有离子态、等离子体等。但是如此明显的物质种类和形式的多样性由于某些知识而减少，即只有100多种不同的化学元素，而且物质的化学和物理特征很大程度依赖于原子之间结合力的强度。 We recall that radiant energy may be released by heating of solids, as in the wire of a light bulb; by electrical oscillations, as in radio or television transmitters; or by atomic interactions, as in the sun. The radiation can be viewed in either of two ways—as a wave or as a particle—depending on the process under study. In the wave view it is a combination of electric and magnetic vibrations moving through space. In the particle view it is a compact moving uncharged object, the photon, which is a bundle of pure energy, having mass only by virtue of its motion. 我们可以回想到，辐射能可能会在固体的加热中被释放，比如在灯泡的电线中，也有可能在电器振荡当中释放，就像在收音机和电视发射机中那样，还有可能因为原子间的反应被释放，就像在太阳上的反应一样。辐射波可以被看成以下两种形式的任意一种——波或者粒子——被看做什么依赖于研究的进展。若将它看成是波，则它是穿越空间的电振动和磁振动的结合体。若将它看成是粒子，则它是致密的，运动且不带电的物体——光子。它是一束纯粹的能量，只有在运动时才有质量。 3. The emission and absorption of light from incandescent hydrogen gas was first explained by Bohr with a novel model of the hydrogen atom. He assumed that the atom consists of a single electron moving at constant speed in a circular orbit about a nucleus—the proton Ordinary light as in the visible range is a mixture of many frequencies, directions, and phases. In contrast, light from a laser (light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation) consists of a direct beam of one color and with the wave