微经课堂笔记.docVIP

士之读书治学，盖将以脱心志於俗谛之桎梏，真理因得以发扬。思想而不自由，毋宁死耳。斯古今仁圣同殉之精义，夫岂庸鄙之敢望。先生以一死见其独立自由之意志，非所论於一人之恩怨，一姓之兴亡。呜呼！树兹石於讲舍，系哀思而不忘。表哲人之奇节，诉真宰之茫茫。来世不可知者也，先生之著述，或有时而不彰。先生之学说，或有时而可商。惟此独立之精神，自由之思想，历千万祀，与天壤而同久，共三光而永光。 清华大学王观堂先生纪念碑铭(汪丁丁,2003) 注：实证即可观察、可测量。 二、经济学的任务：解释经济现象、揭示经济现象产生的原因 三、为什么经济学是科学 一个理论，无论是自然科学还是社会科学理论，都必须同时具备两个一致性，第一个一致性是理论内部的逻辑自恰，第二个一致性是理论结论与现象之间的外恰。 四、理性是经济学的本质 理性是一个人在做决策时，在他所知的可能选择方案中总会做出他所认为是最佳的选择。 （林歆夫，2004） 注：最佳选择即个人在约束条件下追求利益最大化。 Chapter1 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand The Demand Schedule/Curve需求曲线 The demand schedule or curve or demand denotes the relationship between price and quantity demanded ,other things being constant. Law of downward-slopping demand :when the price of a commodity is raised ,buyers tend to buy less of the commodity ,in other words ,the price and quantity are inversely related ,other things held constant. P D D A A B Q Behind the Demand Curve Factors affecting the demand curve Average income Population Price of related goods(substitutes/complements) Tastes or Preference Special influence 注：当研究某一因素对需求曲线的影响时，其他因素假定不变。 A Change in Demand and Quantity Demanded: An increase in demand :a rightward shift in the demand curve(D—D) or an increase at the amount demanded at each price; An increase in quantity demanded :moving to the different point on the same demand curve after a change(A桞) The Supply Schedule The supply schedule or curve or supply denotes the relationship between the price and the quantity that producers are willing to produce ,other things being constant. When the price of a commodity is raised ,producers tend to produce more of the commodity ,in other words ,the price and quantity are positive related ,other things being constant. P S S B A A Q1 Q2 Q Behind the Supply Curve Factors affecting the supply curve The cost of production the prices of inputs Technological advances Prices of substitutes Government policy Special influence(Eg. weather) A change in supply and quantity supplied An increase in supply: a ri