04-Chemical Reactions.pdfVIP

Contents 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 化学反应和化学反应方程式 4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry （计量学） 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution （溶液中的反应） 4-4 Determining the Limiting reagent （不足量反应物） 4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions （化学反应） （反应计量学中的其它实际问题） Focus on Industrial Chemistry Slide 1 of 29 Slide 2 of 29 化学化工 刘 巍 化学化工 刘 巍 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations Writing Chemical Equations （化学方程式的书写） 化学反应和化学反应方程式 As reactants are converted to products we observe Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen →nitrogen dioxide （当反应物转变为生成物时会出现） Step 1: Write the reaction using chemical symbols. – Color change 颜色变化 用化学符号表示化学反应 – Precipitate formation 生成沉淀 Step 2: Balance the chemical equation.配平反应方程式 – Gas evolution放出气体 2 1 2 – Heat absorption or evolution 放热或吸热 NO + O2 → NO2 Slide 3 of 29 Slide 4 of 29 化学化工 刘 巍 化学化工 刘 巍 Balancing Equation Strategy 配平方程式要点） Balancing Equations ? Balance elements that occur in only one ? Never introduce extraneous atoms to balance. compound on each side first. （先配在方程式两边只 （不可加入额外的原子） 出现在一个化合物中的元素） NO + O → NO + O 2 2 ? Balance free elements last. （最后配单质） ? Balance unchanged polyatomics as groups. （将不 ? Never change a formula for the purpose of balancing 发生变化的原子团作为整体处理） an equation. 不可任意改变化学式 ? Fractional coefficients are acceptable and can be cleared at the end by multiplication. （分数系数最后 NO + O2 → NO3 处理） Slide 5 of 29 Slide 6 of 29 化学化工 刘 巍 化学化工 刘 巍 4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry Example 4-6 化学方程式和化学计量学 An alloy used in aircraft structures consists of 93.7% Al ? Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative and 6.3% Cu by mass. The alloy has a density of 2.85 g/cm3. A 0.691 cm3 piece of the alloy reacts with an relationships involving ： excess of HCl aq . If we assume that all the Al but none （计量学包括下列所有定量关系）： of the Cu reacts with HCl aq , what is the mass of H2 obtained – atomic and for