Chemical Review-graphene.pdfVIP

132 Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 132–145 Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene Matthew J. Allen,? Vincent C. Tung,? and Richard B. Kaner*,?,? Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Received February 20, 2009 Contents because two-dimensional crystals were thought to be ther- modynamically unstable at ?nite temperatures.3,4 Quasi-two- 1. Introduction 132 dimensional ?lms grown by molecular beam epitaxy MBE 2. Brief History of Graphene 133 are stabilized by a supporting substrate, which often plays a 2.1. Chemistry of Graphite 134 signi?cant role in growth and has an appreciable in?uence 3. Down to Single Layers 134 on electrical properties.5 In contrast, the mechanical exfo- 3.1. Characterizing Graphene Flakes 136 liation technique used by the Manchester group isolated the 3.1.1. Scanning Probe Microscopy 136 two-dimensional crystals from three-dimensional graphite. 3.1.2. Raman Spectroscopy 136 Resulting single- and few-layer ?akes were pinned to the 4. Extraordinary Devices with Peeled Graphene 136 substrate by only van der Waals forces and could be made free-standing by etching away the substrate.6-9 This mini- 4.1. High-Speed Electronics 137 mized any induced effects and allowed scientists to probe 4.2. Single Molecule Detection 138 graphene’s intrinsic properties. 5. Alternatives to Mechanical Exfoliation 138 The experimental isolation of single-layer graphene ?rst 5.1. Chemically Derived Graphene from Graphite 139 and foremost yielded access to a large amount of interesting Oxide 10,11 physics. Initial studies included observations of graphene’s 5.1.1. Depositions 139 ambipolar ?eld effect,2 the quantum Hall effect at room 5.1.2. Defect Density in Chemically Derived 139 temperature,12-17 measurements of extremely high carrier Graphene mobility,7,18-2