4. s-Domain Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals and Systems.pdfVIP

4. s-Domain Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals and Systems 4.1. Definition of Laplace Transform (9.0-9.3) 4.2. Properties of Laplace Transform (9.5) 4.3. System Function (9.7) 4.4. Classification of a Linear Time-Invariant Continuous- Time System by its System Function (9.7) 4.5. Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations (9.7) 4.6. Implementation of Continuous-Time Systems (9.8) 4.1. Definition of Laplace Transform The Laplace transform of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as  X(s) x(t) exp(st)dt, (4.1) where s is a complex variable. x(t) can be recovered from X(s) by 1 j  x(t) 2j j X(s) exp(st)ds. (4.2) (4.2) is called the inverse Laplace transform. 4.1.1. Derivation of Inverse Laplace Transform Letting s=+jin (4.1), we obtain  X(j ) x(t) exp(t) exp(j t)dt. (4.3) That is, X(+j) is the Fourier transform of x(t)exp(t). Thus, 1  x(t) exp(t) 2X(j ) exp(j t)d. (4.4) Multiplying both the sides of (4.4) by exp(t), we obtain 1  x(t) 2X(j ) exp (j )t d  (4.5) and thus (4.2). 4.1.2. Relation of Laplace Transform to Fourier Transform The Laplace transform of x(t) on the line Re(s)=is the Fourier transform of x(t)exp(t), i.e., X(+j)=FT[x(t)exp(t)]. (4.6) Especially, the Laplace transform of x(t) on the line Re(s)=0 is the Fourier transform of x(t), i.e., X(j)=FT[x(t)]. (4.7) 4.1.3. Zeros and Poles of Laplace Transform Suppose that X(s) is rational, i.e., X(s)=P (s)/P (s), where P (s)