《SPM 2nd level analysis》.ppt

2nd level analysis – design matrix, contrasts and inference Deborah Talmi Sarah White Overview Fixed, random, and mixed models From 1st to 2nd level analysis 2nd level analysis: 1-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: Paired t-test 2nd level analysis: 2-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: F-tests Multiple comparisons Overview Fixed, random, and mixed models From 1st to 2nd level analysis 2nd level analysis: 1-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: Paired t-test 2nd level analysis: 2-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: F-tests Multiple comparisons Fixed effects Fixed effect: A variable with fixed values E.g. levels of an experimental variable. Random effect: A variable with values that can vary. E.g. the effect ‘list order’ with lists that are randomized per subject The effect ‘Subject’ can be described as either fixed or random Subjects in the sample are fixed Subjects are drawn randomly from the population Typically treated as a random effect in behavioural analysis Fixed effects analysis Random effects analysis Generalization to the population requires taking between-subject variability into account. The question: Would a new subject drawn from this population show any significant activity? Mixed models: the experimental factors are fixed but the ‘subject’ factor is random. Mixed models take into account both within- and between- subject variability. Overview Fixed, random, and mixed models From 1st to 2nd level analysis 2nd level analysis: 1-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: Paired t-test 2nd level analysis: 2-sample t-test 2nd level analysis: F-tests Multiple comparisons Relationship between 1st 2nd levels 1st-level analysis: Fit the model for each subject using different GLMs for each subject. Typically, one design matrix per subject Define the effect of interest for each subject with a contrast vector. The contrast vector produces a contrast image containing the contrast of the parameter estimates at each voxel. 2nd-level analysis: Feed the contrast images into