康熙时期山东巡抚与地方社会治理.pdf

摘 要 清代山东处畿辅之地，为“南北孔道,十省通津。”山东巡抚始设于明正统年 间。清代山东巡抚成为山东地区的最高行政长官。 康熙时期，山东巡抚多由汉军旗人担任，汉人仅占百分之三十。这与康熙时 期巡抚选任的整体情况相符合，反映了汉军旗人的特殊身份符合清初统治需要而 深受清廷信任，而且兼顾“以汉治汉”。康熙时期山东巡抚多由正途出身，大多兼 具中央及地方官任职经历。初期多由内阁学士和都御史出任，中后期多由布政使 升任。康熙帝对于山东巡抚的甄选十分重视。 康熙时期，通过历任山东巡抚积极垦荒，山东闲置荒田荒地得以垦复，耕地 面积迅速扩大，为山东经济的恢复、发展奠定了坚实的基础。康熙年间，山东灾 荒不断，赈灾救民是山东巡抚的一项重要职责。面对接连不断的各种灾害，绝大 多数山东巡抚都能将灾情及时上报朝廷，请示赈济灾民，蠲免赋税，并督率属员 开展各种赈灾活动。康熙年间，通过张鹏、桑额、李树徳三位巡抚治理小清河， 减轻了小清河水患对山东社会生活、生产的影响。康熙时期，大多数山东巡抚均 能提出合理的建议，减轻了百姓负担，维护了地方安定；大多数山东巡抚清正廉 洁，洁己奉公，实心任事，作为下属的表率。康熙前期，通过几任巡抚整顿吏治， 山东吏治有所改观；中后期，吏治逐渐腐败。山东历任巡抚重视文教事业。 关键词： 康熙时期；山东巡抚；社会治理 I Abstract Shan Dong department which located in the capital area is an important place of transportation. Shan Dong Xun Fu originally set up In Jing Tai period in Ming dynasty and it became the highest chief executive of Shan Dong department in Qing Dynasty, In Kang Xi period, Shan Dong Xun Fu mostly came from the Hans in the Manchu army and Han people accounted for only 30 percent, which in line with the overall situation of Xun Fu’s election in that period, and not only reflected that the Hans in the Manchu army’s special status had met the needs of the early Qing Dynasty’s rule and they were deeply trusted by Qing court but also the thought of “using Han people to rule Han people”. In Kang Xi period, Shan Dong Xun Fu mostly have a good parentage, most of them have both central and local official working experience , in the early days, came from Nei Ge Xue Shi or Du YU Shi , and they were promoted from Bu Zheng Shi lately . Emperor Kang Xi had paid more attent