《Amplifying the quantum vacuum》.pdf

REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 84, JANUARY–MARCH 2012 Colloquium: Stimulating uncertainty: Amplifying the quantum vacuum with superconducting circuits P. D. Nation Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA J. R. Johansson Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan M. P. Blencowe Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3528, USA Franco Nori Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA (published 11 January 2012) The ability to generate particles from the quantum vacuum is one of the most profound consequences of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Although the significance of vacuum fluctua- tions can be seen throughout physics, the experimental realization of vacuum amplification effects has until now been limited to a few cases. Superconducting circuit devices, driven by the goal to achieve a viable quantum computer, have been used in the experimental demonstration of the dynamical Casimir effect, and may soon be able to realize the elusive verification of analog Hawking radiation. This Colloquium article describes several mechanisms for generating photons from the quantum vacuum and emphasizes their connection to the well-known parametric amplifier from quantum optics. Discussed in detail is the possible realization of each mechanism, or its analog, in superconducting circuit systems. The ability to se