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《Low Temperature Lithium Batteries-Saft》.pdf
LOW TEMPERATURE LITHIUM BATTERIES
Kamen Nechev and Robert Staniewicz
SAFT America
LOW TEMPERATURE
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
What Scientific Laws Govern Batteries’
Cold Temperature Performance?
! Thermodynamic temperature term in Nernst Equation.
! Electrochemical kinetics dependence on temperature.
! Presence of solid electrolyte interface at the anode and possibly
the cathode. SEI ionic conductivity shows a log response with
temperature.
! Electrolyte ionic conductivity dependency on temperature.
! Solid state diffusion into a host electrode structure.
Lithium Inorganic Primary Batteries
SAFT is the largest supplier of lithium primary batteries
for the US space and defense market
! Thionyl Chloride – generally can operate at –40o o
C to –50 C
in conventionally designed cells. For extreme operation
–80oC has been achieved with reduced salt concentration.
Ultimately the freezing point of SOCl o
2 (-100 C) is the
limiting factor.
! Sulfur Dioxide – generally can operate at –40 to –50oC.
The same limiting factors apply – freezing point of
acetonitrile/SO o o
2 solvent (-46 C/-73 C).
LOW TEMPERATURE
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
SAFT Low Temperature Efforts
! SAFT started low temperature lithium-ion cell
development in mid 1990’s
! Under automotive (PNGV) programs with DOE and USABC
! Under TRP program with US Air Force and US Army
! Ongoing Very High Power developmen
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