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《[Book] Introduction to Ultrasound》.pdf
Chapter
2 Introduction to ultrasound
Introduction energy from the returning echoes from an area, the
whiter the image will appear.
The use of ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia
is an ever-evolving field with changing technology. Hyperechoic areas have a great amount of energy
from returning echoes and are seen as white.
This chapter provides a brief overview of the physics
involved in two-dimensional ultrasound image gener- Hypoechoic areas have less energy from
ation, ultrasound probe types and machine control fea- returning echoes and are seen as gray.
tures, basic tissue imaging characteristics, and imaging Anechoic areas without returning echoes are
artifacts commonly seen during performance of a seen as black (Table 2.1).
regional ultrasound-guided procedure. Generation of images requires reflection of ultra-
sound waves back to the probe to be processed, this
reflection occurs at the boundary or interface of dif-
Image generation ferent types of tissue. Acoustic impedance is the resist-
Ultrasound waves are generated by piezoelectric crys- ance to the passage of ultrasound waves, the greater
tals in the handheld probe. Piezoelectric crystals gen- the acoustic impedance, the more resistant that tissue
erate an electrical current when a mechani
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