专业英语4-20100331.pptVIP

专业英语-第四讲 李聪 2010-03-31 cong.li@mail.xidian.edu.cn Lost and Found Translation Diffusion can be looked at in two ways, (a) the independent particle picture, and (b) the collective average description. With independent particle picture, we think of each particle going on its way without regard to the presence or motion of the other diffusing particles; usually this is a valid assumption. The motion can be described as a series of steps, of a fixed average length l, each of which is in a direction unrelated to the previous step. The style of progress has become known as ‘the drunkard’s walk’. The net flow of particles down a density gradient occurs merely because there are more starting from the high-density regions; there is no force exerted by the density gradient forcing particles to diffuse. The collective average description is not in conflict with the independent particle picture and predicted results should agree. The flux F of particles down a density gradient dn/dx is described by F=-D(dn/dx), where D is the diffusion coefficient. The equation is known as Fick’s law, and applies to any example of diffusion. Vocabulary and Expression Diffusion：扩散； Independent：独立的； Particle：粒子； Collective：集体的； Presence：出现； Step：步骤，步 fixed：固定的 Previous：先前的 Density gradient：浓度梯度 Diffusion current -From Wikipedia Diffusion is the process of particles distributing themselves from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. If this process is left unperturbed, there will eventually be a uniform distribution of particles. Diffusion does not need external forces to act upon a group of particles. The particles move about using only thermal motion. If we let the particles be carriers, so as they move around they take charge with them. The moving of charge will result in a current. We call this current a diffusion current. Translation 一旦存在载流子的浓度梯度，就会发生载流子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域转移的扩散过程，最终使得系统达到一个均匀的状态。以电子为例，这种载流子的流动遵循菲克（Fick）扩散定律 且与浓度梯度成正比，比例常数称为扩散系数或扩散率Dn，载流子的流动形成了扩散电流