研究生补充资料分布式系统.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system Challenges in Distributed System Design Heterogeneity networks (protocols), hardware (data types) operating systems (APIs) programming languages (characters and data structures) implementations by different developers (lack of standards) Middleware can mask heterogeneity provides a uniform computational model for use by the programmers of servers and distributed applications Mobile code transparency from hard-, software and programming language heterogeneity through virtual machine concept Challenges in Distributed System Design Openness The degree to which new resource-sharing services can be added and be made available for use by a variety of client programs Specification and documentation of the key software interfaces of the components must be published Extension may be at the hardware level by introducing additional computers Challenges in Distributed System Design Security of information resources Encryption techniques have resolved many challenges with sending sensitive information in a message across a network in a secure manner Continued challenges Denial of service attacks Security of mobile code Challenges in Distributed System Design Scalability system remains effective when there is a significant increase in the number of resources and the number of users controlling the cost of physical resources adding servers to allow for increased file sharing controlling the cost of performance loss increases in data storage and access preventing software resources from running out trade-offs between allocating too much vs. too litle avoiding performance bottlenecks algorithms should be decentralized Challenges in Distributed System Design Failure handling In distributed systems, some components fail while others continue executing Detected failures can be hidden, made less severe, or tolerated messages can be retransmitted data can b