自噬现象综述.pdfVIP

REVIEW Focus on AuTo PHAGY Eaten alive: a history of macroautophagy Zhifen Yang and Daniel J. Klionsky Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), or ‘self-eating’, is a conserved cellular pathway that controls protein and organelle degradation, and has essential roles in survival, development and homeostasis. Autophagy is also integral to human health and is involved in physiology, development, lifespan and a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and microbial infection. Although research on this topic began in the late 1950s, substantial progress in the molecular study of autophagy has taken place during only the past 15 years. This review traces the key findings that led to our current molecular understanding of this complex process. The term ‘autophagy’ comes from the Greek words ‘phagy’ meaning or ‘autophagosomes’, were related to lysosomes and occurred in normal eat, and ‘auto’ meaning self. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cells. The origin of the membrane surrounding the autophagosome is process in eukaryotes by which cytoplasmic cargo sequestered inside still controversial; de Duve suggested that the sequestering membranes double-membrane vesicles are delivered to the lysosome for degrada- are derived from preformed membranes, such as smooth endoplasmic 5 tion. When autophagy was initially discovered more than 40 years ago, it reticulum . was perplexing as to why the cell would self-digest its own components. Cellular autophagy is observed in normal rat liver cells, but is enhanced