《管理专业英语公共产品》.docVIP

UNIT NINE TEXT A Public Goods公共产品 The Definition of Public Goods 公共产品的定义 Our analysis of the efficiency of the market mechanism assumed that each individual’s utility was dependent upon only those quantities of commodities purchased by that individual, and that each producer’s production of output was determined solely by those factors of production purchased by that producer. 分析市场机制效率时假定每个人的效用只和购买的商品数量有关，每个生产者的产出只和生产要素有关。In practice that may not be the case. Some commodities exhibit the property that they simultaneously provide benefits to more than one individual at the same time; that is, they are jointly consumed. 然而事实往往不是这样的，有些商品，能够同时给很多人带来收益，也就是说，他们可以共同消费这项商品。Goods consumed by only one person are called private goods. For example, you may purchase a magazine or newspaper, read it and then throw it away. You may purchase food, clothing, or other goods and services for your private consumption. 只供一人消费的产品叫做私人产品，例如你可以买一份杂志或报纸，阅读完后扔掉；你可以购买食物、衣服、其他产品或服务用来个人消费。In each of these examples you make a decision that the benefit you receive from that good is greater than the cost of it. 在上述案例中，你可以做出购买收益大于成本的产品的决定。 And, typical examples of goods which are consumed simultaneously by a particular populace are the services of defense, law enforcement, radio and television, and flood control.特定群体能够同时消费的产品中，最典型的就是国防、执法、广播电视和防洪。 Such goods are called public goods and they possess certain properties which render the market mechanism an inefficient device for allocating resources to them. 这些产品被称为公共产品，它们使得市场机制低效地分配资源。So-called pure public goods have the property of joint consumption or nonrivalness in consumption by several individuals. That is, one individual’s consumption of the good does not detract from the benefits simultaneously accruing to other individuals from the same good. 纯公共产品有消费的非竞争性，即一个人对一项产品的消费不会减少其他人从消费或使用该项产品中获得的收益。In addition, the use of public goods may be non-excludable. It may be impossible or at least very costly to exclude particular individuals from the c