物理冶金原理－晶体学基础与合金相结构.ppt

金属及合金相晶体结构Crystal Structure of Metals and Phases in Alloys 晶体: 原子或原子集团在三维空间周期性无限重复排列的物质 晶体的 非晶合金的结构及性质 Structure and Properties of Noncrystalline or Amorphous Alloys 原子排列长程无序或短程有序Long-range disorder or short-range order 无晶界、无成分偏析、成分完全均匀 没有固定熔点(玻璃转化温度） 各向同性（Isotropic ) 高强度、无加工硬化、低塑性 高弹性、高耐蚀、高耐磨 优异的磁性、储氢性能、 Structure of Amorphous Alloys?Short-Range Order ?No Grain Boundaries?No Dislocations ?Chemical Homogeneity The atoms are arranged in a random fashion, similar to their arrangement in the liquid state Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Crystalline and Amorphous Alloys Stress Strong and Elastic Glassy Alloys Unique Properties of Amorphous Alloys Very High Strength ?Strongest Materials so far (nearest to Theoretical Strength of crystals up to 4000MPa) Extraordinary High Elasticity ?Elastic Elongation up to 2% Isotropic Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties Excellent Corrosion Resistance due to Its Perfect Chemical Homogeneity, Free of Any Crystal Defects and Grain Boundaries High Hardness, Excellent Wear Resistance No Work Hardening? Catastrophic Failure Self-Sharpening and High Dynamic Fracture Toughness?Armor Piercing Very High Impact and Dynamic Fracture Toughness ?Deformation Localization (Highly localized viscous flow within the very narrow shear bands while the rest is in elastic state) Strongest Materials So Far Processing Methodsfor Amorphous or Noncrystalline Alloys 合金熔体快速凝固 Rapid Solidification of Alloy Melt 机械合金化或 Mechanical Alloying/Milling 强烈塑性变形 Severe Plastic Deformation 晶体学基础 晶体: 原子或原子集团在三维空间周期性无限重复排列的物质 晶体的性质： 高的热力学稳定性 各向异性 ( Anisotropy of Properties) 宏观性质的均匀性 一定的熔点 规则的外形（外表面为往往低表面能的特殊晶面） 晶体: 原子或原子集团在三维空间周期性无限重复排列的物质 晶体结构： 组成晶体的最小基本单元(原子或原子集团)，称作基元(motif), 把基元看成几何点，这些点在三维空间构成空间点阵（Space Lattice） 空间点阵中任何点都具有相同的环境，任何点都是等效的。 五种平面点阵 The Four Elements of Materials Science and Engineering 空间点阵、晶格、晶胞、晶格常数Space Lattice?Crystal Lattice?Unit Cell?Lattice Constants or Parameters 晶胞及晶格常数Unit Cell and Lattic