第五章内膜系统.ppt

大分子与颗粒性物质的跨膜运输。 膜泡运输，需要消耗能量融合和断裂膜，属于主动运输。 可同时转运一种或多种物质。 胞吞作用(endocytosis)与胞吐作用(exocytosis) 胞吞作用包括两类： 无特异性内吞 受体介导内吞(receptor-mediated endocytosis, RME)。 胞吞作用：通过细胞膜内陷形成囊泡，将外界物质裹进 细胞内的过程。 受体介导的低密度脂蛋白（LDL）内吞 LDL是运输胆固醇的一类脂蛋白。 LDL在质膜的被膜小窝中与 受体结合；小窝向内出芽， 形成被膜小泡；网格蛋白去 聚合；与内体结合，受体 被分拣再回收利用；LDL 在溶酶体内降解，胆固醇 被释放。 * cooper Figure 9.15. Protein glycosylation in the ER 糖蛋白、脂糖 糖类通过共价键与膜脂或膜蛋白相连（O-连接和N-连接） * cooper Figure 7.21. The action of protein disulfide isomerase Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) catalyzes the breakage and rejoining of disulfide bonds， resulting in exchanges between paired disulfides in a polypeptide chain. The enzyme forms a disulfide bond with a cysteine residue of the polypeptide and then exchanges its paired disulfide with another cysteine residue. In this example， PDI catalyzes the conversion of two incorrect disulfide bonds (1-2 and 3-4) to the correct pairing (1-3 and 2-4). Figure 9.14. Protein folding in the ER The molecular chaperone BiP binds to polypeptide chains as they cross the ER membrane and facilitates protein folding and assembly within the ER. * Figure 9.7. Cotranslational targeting of secretory proteins to the ER Step 1: As the signal sequence emerges from the ribosome， it is recognized and bound by the signal recognition particle (SRP). Step 2: The SRP escorts the complex to the ER membrane， where it binds to the SRP receptor. Step 3: The SRP is released， the ribosome binds to a membrane translocation complex of Sec61 proteins， and the signal sequence is inserted into a membrane channel. Step 4: Translation resumes， and the growing polypeptide chain is translocated across the membrane. Step 5: Cleavage of the signal sequence by signal peptidase releases the polypeptide into the lumen of the ER. * the cell Figure 13-3. The intracellular compartments of the eucaryotic cell involved in the biosynthetic-secretory and endocytic pathways. Each compartment encloses a space that is topologically equivalent to the outside of the cell, and