有用句型.docVIP

庄子整理版 1. 假性因果－Post Hoc (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc, False Cause, Questionable Cause, Confusing Coincidental Relationships With Causes) A Post Hoc is a fallacy with the following form: A occurs before B. Therefore A is the cause of B. 2. Cum hoc ergo propter hoc (Confusing Cause and Effect) Confusing Cause and Effect is a fallacy that has the following general form: A and B regularly occur together. Therefore A is the cause of B. 辨析： In the case of a Post Hoc fallacy (/features/fallacies/post-hoc.html), the error is that a person is accepting that A is the cause of B simply because A occurs before B. In the case of the Fallacy of Ignoring a Common Cause (/features/fall...mmon-cause.html) A is taken to be the cause of B when there is, in fact, a third factor that is the cause of both A and B. 3. 错误类比－Weak Analogy (False Analogy / Faulty Analogy / Questionable Analogy) Form: A is like B. B has property P. Therefore, A has property P. (Where the analogy between A and B is weak.) 值得参考的网站： 4. 调查研究中样本无代表性，非随机样本，偏性样本－Unrepresentative Sample (Biased Sample) This is a fallacy affecting statistical inferences, which are arguments of the following form: N% of sample S has characteristic C. Therefore, N% of population P has characteristic C. (Where sample S is a subset of set P, the population.) 5. 草率结论－Hasty Generalization This is the fallacy of generalizing about a population based upon a sample that is too small to be representative. If the population is heterogeneous, then the sample needs to be large enough to represent the populations variability. With a completely homogeneous population, a sample of one is sufficiently large, so it is impossible to put an absolute lower limit on sample size. Rather, sample size depends directly upon the variability of the population: the more heterogeneous a population, the larger the sample required. For instance, people tend to be quite variable in their political opinions, so that public opinion polls need fairly large samples to b