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CHAPTER4-nptel.doc
CHAPTER 6
SHORT CIRCUITS STUDIES – SYMMETRICAL FAULTS
Short circuits occur in power system due to various reasons like, equipment failure, lightning strikes, falling of branches or trees on the transmission lines, switching surges, insulation failures and other electrical or mechanical causes. All these are collectively called faults in power systems. A fault usually results in high current flowing through the lines and if adequate protection is not taken, may result in damages in the power apparatus. In this chapter we shall discuss the effects of symmetrical faults on the system. Here the term symmetrical fault refers to those conditions in which all three phases of a power system are grounded at the same point. For this reason the symmetrical faults sometimes are also called three-line-to-ground (3LG) faults.
6.1 TRANSIENTS IN R-L CIRCUITS
In this section we shall consider transients in a circuit that contains a resistor and inductor (R-L circuit). Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 6.1 that contains an ideal source (vs), a resistor (R), an inductor (L) and a switch (S). It is assumed that the switch is open and is closed at an instant of time t = 0. This implies that the current i is zero before the closing of the switch. We shall first discuss the effect of closing the switch on the line current (i) when the source is dc. Following this we shall study the effect when the source is ac and will show that the shape of the transient current changes with the changes in the phase of the source voltage waveform at the instant of closing the switch.
Fig. 6.1 A simple R-L circuit.
6.1.1 DC Source
Let us assume that the source voltage is dc and is given by vs = Vdc. Then the line current is given by the differential equation
(6.1)
The solution of the above equation is written in the form
(6.2)
Since the initial current i(0) = 0 and since vs(() = Vdc for 0 ( ( (, we can rewrite the above equation as
(6.3)
where T = L/R is
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