Chapter_4_Lecture_PowerPoint.ppt.ppt

Chapter 4 * * Copyright ? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Learning Objectives 1. Compute currents, voltages, and energy stored in capacitors and inductors. 2. Calculate the average and root-mean-square value of an arbitrary (periodic) signal. 3. Write the differential equation(s) for circuits containing inductors and capacitors. 4. Convert time-domain sinusoidal voltages and currents to phasor notation, and vice versa, and represent circuits using impedances. The presence of an insulating material between the conducting plates does not allow for the flow of DC current; thus, a capacitor acts as an open circuit in the presence of DC current. Structure of parallel-plate capacitor In a capacitor, the charge separation caused by the polarization of the dielectric is proportional to the external voltage, that is, to the applied electric field where the parameter C is called the capacitance of the element and is a measure of the ability of the device to accumulate, or store, charge. If the differential equation that defines the i-v relationship for a capacitor is integrated, one can obtain the following relationship for the voltage across a capacitor: The capacitor voltage is now given by the expression Combining capacitors in a circuit Capacitors in parallel add. Capacitors in series combine according to the same rules used for resistors connected in parallel. Calculating Capacitor Current From Voltage An expression for the energy stored in the capacitor WC(t) may be derived easily if we recall that energy is the integral of power, and that the instantaneous power in a circuit element is equal to the product of voltage and current: The ideal inductor acts as a short circuit in the presence of DC. If a time-varying voltage is established across the inductor, a corresponding current will result, according to the following relationship: where L is called the inductance of the coil and is measured in henrys (H)