《OSDI_Answers(操作系统设计与实现 答案)》.pdf

OPERATING SYSTEMS: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION THIRD EDITION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS ANDREW S. TANENBAUM Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands ALBERT S. WOODHULL Amherst, Massachusetts PRENTICE HALL UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ 07458 SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS 1. An operating system must provide the users with an extended (i.e., virtual) machine, and it must manage the I/O devices and other system resources. 2. In kernel mode, every machine instruction is allowed, as is access to all the I/O devices. In user mode, many sensitive instructions are prohibited. Operating systems use these two modes to encapsulate user programs. Run- ning user programs in user mode keeps them from doing I/O and prevents them from interfering with each other and with the kernel. 3. Multiprogramming is the rapid switching of the CPU between multiple processes in memory. It is commonly used to keep the CPU busy while one or more processes are doing I/O. 4. Input spooling is the technique of reading in jobs, for example, from cards, onto the disk, so that when the currently executing processes are finished, there will be work waiting for the CPU. Output spooling consists of first copying printable files to disk before printing them, rather than printing directly as the output is generated. Input spooling on a personal computer is not very likely, but output spooling is. 5. The prime reason for multiprogramming is to give the CPU something to do while waiting for I/O to complete. If there is no DMA, the CPU is fully occu- pied doing I/O, so there is nothing to be