Listofcountryabbreviations.doc

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. Access to non-energy raw materials and the competitiveness of EU industry 11 4.1. Introduction 11 4.1.1. Context of the analysis 11 4.1.2. The goal of the analysis 12 4.1.3. Defining non-energy, non-agricultural raw materials 13 4.1.4. Analytical approach: a framework for interpretation 14 4.2. Contextual data 15 4.2.1. Global demand and the EU 16 4.2.2. Long-term price evolutions 17 4.2.3. The EU’s supply from a global perspective 18 4.2.4. Trade flows 20 . Trade data 20 . Trade of iron ore, critical raw materials and rare earths 23 4.2.5. Import dependency: evidence from material flow data from Germany and the UK 26 4.2.6. Secondary raw materials and recycling 27 4.3. Qualitative analysis results 29 4.3.1. Interrelation of the selected industries in the value chain 29 4.3.2. Raw materials insufficiency and related competitiveness issues 31 . Cost competitiveness effects 31 . Responses to shortages of raw material at industry level 36 . Policy implications at industry level 44 4.3.3. The role of the non-energy extractive industry 45 . Challenges in the non-energy extractive industry 45 . The role of innovation in the future of the non-energy extractive industry 46 . Policy implications 46 4.4. Conclusions and policy discussion 47 4.4.1. Competitiveness effects 48 4.4.2. The potential of recycling and innovation 49 4.4.3. Policy discussion 50 5. EU Industry in a Sustainable Growth Context 63 5.1. Introduction 63 5.2. Policy and economic context 63 5.2.1. EU policy context 63 5.2.2. Economic context: industry gross value added (GVA) and employment 65 5.3. Eco-performance of the EU Industry 71 5.3.1. Energy consumption and intensity 71 5.3.2. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and intensity 76 5.3.3. Material flows and resource efficiency 84 5.3.4. Waste generation and treatment 87 5.3.5. Water 93 5.3.6. Summary and tentative discussion on the impact of the recent crisis 96 5.4. Eco-expenditure and eco-innovation 98 5.4.1. Eco-innovation 98 5.4.2. E