chapter2literaturereview-WintecResearchArchive.doc

A Biomechanical Comparison of the Foot Strike between Running in Vibram Fivefingers? Shoes and Barefoot Leah Hutching (BSpExSc (Hons)) School of Sport and Exercise Science Waikato Institute of Technology Hamilton New Zealand A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science (Sport and Exercise), Waikato Institute of Technology, 6 May 2013 Supervisors Dr Peter Maulder (PhD) Stephen Burden (MSc (Med) Exercise Science) TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 ABSTRACT 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 13 Prelude 13 Is vertical loading rate a mechanism of tibial stress fracture during running? 13 Biomechanical differences between rear-foot strike and fore-foot strike running on hard surfaces 15 Effects of Traditionally shod and Barefoot running on foot strike 18 The effects of minimally shod running on foot strike 21 Conclusion 22 CHAPTER 3: METHOD 24 Participants 24 Experimental Design 24 Preliminary procedures 25 Foot assessment 25 Condition familiarisation 26 Running velocity assessment 26 Experimental testing procedures 27 Experimental Set-up 28 Data Analysis 29 Statistical Analysis 30 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 32 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 36 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion and Practical Applications 42 Conclusion 42 Practical Applications 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICIES 47 Appendix A: Foot Posture Index 47 Appendix B: Ethics Approval Letter 48 Appendix C: Participant Information Sheet 49 Appendix D: Consent form 51 List of Figures Figure 1: The Vibram Fivefingers? 11 Figure 2: Impact force transients of a rear-foot (left) and fore-foot strike (right) runner adapted from Lieberman (2012). 16 Figure 3: a) Post-only crossover study design adapted from Batterham and Hopkins (2005), b) This represents the trial sequence for a person who performs the running trials in the Vibram Fivefingers? followed by barefoot. 25 Figure 4: Experimental set up for testing protocol. 28 Figure 5: Sagittal joint markers located on the