Deformingfilmsofactivematerialsnewconceptsfor.ppt

Deforming films of active materials: new concepts for producing motion at small scales (using applied fields) Questions How does one produce motion at small scales? What concepts are suggested by theory? Plan of talk Microscale: films of active materials Why martensitic materials? Theory: interfaces, microactuator concepts Bulk vs. film MBE growth of Ni2MnGa Macroscale: ferromagnetic shape memory materials Martensite + ferromagnetism Energy wells and interfaces Bulk measurements: strain vs. field Nanoscale: Bacteriophage T-4 Martensitic phase transformation Why martensitic materials? Martensitic films Bulk theory of martensite Energy wells Energy wells for various materials Passage to the thin film limit using ?-convergence Estimate the energy of the minimizer using a series of test functions Let y(h) W1,2 be a minimizer. Compare the energy of y(h)(x) with any test function satisfying BC and having bounded energy as h 0. Get some weak convergence: Use the weak limits as test functions. Strengthen the convergence above ( to ). Learn more and more about the form of the minimizer y(h). Pass to the limit: find the limiting energy of y(h). Use the prototypical test function and establish the limiting variational principle. Derivation of thin film theory using ?-convergence Predictions: Two phases: austenite and a single variant of martensite …but, in bulk, we almost* never see austenite against a single variant of martensite Bulk vs. film “Tunnel” “Tent” “Tent” on CuAlNi foil Martensitic pacman Plan of talk Microscale: films of active materials Why martensitic materials? Theory: interfaces, microactuator concepts Bulk vs. film MBE growth of Ni2MnGa Macroscale: ferromagnetic shape memory materials Martensite + ferromagnetism Energy wells and interfaces Bulk measurements: strain vs. field Nanoscale: Bacteriophage T-4 Martensitic vs. magnetostrictive materials Ferromagnetic shape memory materials Lattice parameters vs. tem