DescriptiveStatistics(Chapter3).docVIP

Handout for week 2 Univariate Descriptive Statistics (In this outline, if you see bold letters, you should know their definitions.) Review: Parameters are ______________________________________. Lower-case Greek letters are used to denote parameters. Statistics are ________________________________________. Roman letters are used to denote statistics. Measures of Central tendency Central tendency (average) is a point in a distribution of scores that corresponds to a typical, representative, or middle score in that distribution such as the mean, or medium, mode. (1) Mean The sum of the measurements divided by the number of subjects. Population mean: ( Sample mean: M, Formula: where X1 + X2 + X3 …. Or You can use Y instead of X. Median The middle score or measurement in a set of ranked scores or measurements; the point that divides a distribution into two equal halves. When the number of scores is even, there is no single middle score; in that case, the median is found by taking an average of the two middle scores. Median is not influenced by outliers. 4 100 5 7 Mode The most frequent score in a set of scores. Bimodal distribution – A distribution having two modes. Strictly speaking, to call a distribution bimodal, the peaks should be the same height; however, it is quite common to call any tow-humped distribution bimodal, even when the high points are not exactly equal. Students’ mid term scores 94 Mean: 90 Median: 90 Mode: 90 81 70 65 56 30 If you have a highly skewed distribution of data, the median is more representative than the mean because the median is unaffected by outliers. Where does the mean lie in the skewed distribution, relative to the median? 2. Measures of Variability or Scatter The spread or dispersion of scores in a group of scores or the extent to which scores in a distribution deviate from a central tendency of the distribution is called variability. Two dataset