GuidelinesonFoundationLoadingandDeformationDueto.PDF

Guidelines on Foundation Loading and Deformation Due to Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading January, 2012 1 INTRODUCTION Past earthquakes offer many examples of bridges that either collapsed or incurred severe damage resulting from lateral foundation movement caused by liquefaction induced lateral spreading. The following guidelines provide specific recommendations for the calculation of loads and deformation demands on bridge foundations and abutments resulting from liquefaction induced spreading ground. These procedures are based on recommendations given in Ashford et al. (2010) but occasionally go beyond these more general recommendations in an effort to provide as specific guidance as possible. The recommended approach relies on an equivalent nonlinear static analysis methodology. While this approach does not attempt the analytical rigor of a nonlinear dynamic analysis, it was developed through careful evaluation of a modest body of research performed in the centrifuge, small scale shake table, large scale shake table, and full size field tests. Where research results were insufficient to adequately address an issue, opinion of both researchers and industry experts was utilized. Since every project has unique aspects, these guidelines should not be used to constrain or replace engineering judgment. These guidelines present a framework for analysis that should be followed where possible, but with the freedom to extend them as needed to address unique circumstances. Required Software These guidelines were developed with the expectation that the reader has access to LPILE 5.0 to perform lateral pile analysis. Many programs are available that perform p-y curv