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Viscoelastic FLUIDs Maxwell MHMT3 Viscoelastic fluids of the Maxwell body (serially connected spring and dashpot) can be described by ordinary differential equations (k-stiffness of spring, z attenuation) x1 x z k F giving after elimination of x1 This 1D mechanical model is the basis of the Maxwell model where ? is a relaxation time, the time required for the stress to relax to (1/e) value of the initial stress jump (due to sudden extension). Viscoelastic FLUIDs Maxwell MHMT3 x1 x z k F The material objectivity is satisfied either by the model There exist many objections about the previous generalisation of the Maxwell model, first of all against the way how the time derivative of the stress tensor was evaluated. or by the upper convected Maxwell (UCM) Time derivative does not fulfill the principle of material objectivity, which means that the time derivative depends upon to motion of observer (material objectivity requires, that even the time derivatives should satisfy the tensor transformation rules [[A’]]=[[R]].[[A]].[[R]]T ). Remark: Both lower and upper convective Maxwell models are acceptable from the point of view of mathematical requirements, but they are not the same. The UCM model prevails in practice, at least in papers on polymer melts rheology. Viscoelastic FLUIDs Maxwell MHMT3 Example: Fiber spinning (steady elongation flow of a polymer extruded from a dye). Axial velocity w is determined by the radius of fiber R Normal stresses for the upper convected Maxwell L z R This is continuity equation relating radial u and axial w velocity (cylindrical coordinate system) and this is a simplified solution based upon assumption of linear radial velocity profile This is the system of two ODE for the two unknown normal stresses ?zz and ?rr. Given axial force F it is possible to calculate axial profile of thickness R(z) see also the paper Tembely M.et al, Journal of Rheology vol.56 (2012),pp.159-183, fiber spinning using Oldroyd-B and the structural FENE C