x-raymethodsforanalysisofmaterials-Chemistry.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Some types of unit cell give characteristic and easily recognizable pattern lines. For example, in a cubic primitive lattice of unit cell dimensions a the spacing is given by the equation: sin θ = (h2 + k2 + l2)1/2 λ/2a The reflections arte than predicted by substituting the values h, k, l: {h,k,l} {100} {110} {111} {200} {210} {211} {220} h2 + k2 + l2 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 The 7 (and 15…) is missing because the sum of the squares of three integers cannot be 7. Therefore the pattern has systematic absences that are characteristic of the cubic P lattice. Systematic absences For FCC, h,k,l all even or all odd are present For BCC, h+k+l = odd are absent * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Rotoinversion Combinations of rotation with a center of symmetry perform the symmetry operation of rotoinversion.? Objects that have rotoinversion symmetry have an element of symmetry called a rotoinversion axis.? A 1-fold rotoinversion axis is the same as a center of symmetr. 3-fold Rotoinversion - This involves rotating the object by 120o (360/3 = 120), and inverting through a center.? A cube is good example of an object that possesses 3-fold rotoinversion axes.? A 3-fold rotoinversion axis is denoted as (pronounced bar 3).? Note that there are actually four axes in a cube, one running through each of the corners of the cube. If one holds one of the axes vertical, then note that there are 3 faces on top, and 3 identical faces upside down on the bottom that are offset from the top faces by 120o.?? Combinations of Symmetry Operations As should be evident by now, in three dimensional objects, such as crystals, symmetry elements may be present in several different combinations.? In fact, in crystals there are 32 possible combinations of symmetry elements.? These 32 combinations define the 32 Point Group