Chapter4.Oxidation-ReductionReactions.pptVIP

* * Figure 4-1. Diagram of a Zn-Cu electrochemical cell. Zn and Cu metal electrodes are immersed in a CuSO4 solution. Electrons flow from left to right and a potential is recorded by the voltmeter. With time, this potential decreases to zero, the concentration of Zn2+ increases in the left-hand half of the cell, and the concentration of Cu2+ decreases in the right-hand half of the cell. After Faure (1998). Figure 4-2. Stability limits for natural waters at the earth’s surface in terms of Eh and pH at 25oC. The limits are based on partial pressures of oxygen of 1 and 10-83.1 atm. Also shown is the emf in pe units. The range of Eh and pH conditions for various natural environments is modified from Garrels and Christ (1965.) Figure 4-3. Eh-pH diagram showing the stability limits of hematite, magnetite, and metallic iron at 25oC in the presence of water. Figure 4-4. Eh-pH diagram showing variation in [Fe3+], in mol L-1, for a solution coexisting with hematite or magnetite. Only at very low pH values does Fe3+ have a significant activity. Figure 4-5. Eh-pH diagram showing the variation in [Fe2+], in mol L-1, for a solution coexisting with hematite or magnetite. The arrow indicates increasing oxidation. See text for discussion. Figure 4-6. Composite diagram showing the stability fields for hematite and magnetite as a function of Eh and pH. The boundary for the ionic species is drawn with activity = 10-6 mol L-1. In the field labeled Fe2+, [Fe2+] [Fe3+]. In the field labeled Fe3+, [Fe3+] [Fe2+]. For a system containing hematite or magnetite, the solution is in equilibrium with the solid phase. Figure 4-7. Composite Eh-pH diagram showing the stability fields of hematite, magnetite, and siderite as a function of Eh and pH. For ionic species, activity = 10-6 mol L-1. PCO2 = 10-2 atm, a partial pressure greater than that of the earth’s atmosphere. At PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm, the actual partial pressure, siderite would plot below the stability limit of liquid H2O. Figure 4-8. Compo