Latticedefects.pdf-nptel.PDFVIP

Lattice Defects Types of lattice defects • Point defects • Line defects • Surface defects • Volume defects Point defects Vacancy – An atom missing from regular lattice position. Vacancies are present invariably in all materials. Interstitialcy – An atom trapped in the interstitial point (a point intermediate between regular lattice points) is called an interstitialcy. An impurity atom at the regular or interstitial position in the lattice is another type of point defect. Vacancy Interstitialcy Impurity Point defects Frenkel defect Schottky defect In ceramic materials point defects occur in pair to maintain the electroneutrality. A cation-vacancy and a cation-interstitial pair is known as Frenkel defect. A cation vacancy-anion vacancy pair is known as a Schottky defect. Line defects Dislocations Dislocation is the region of localized lattice distortion which separates the slipped and unslipped portion of the crystal. The upper region of the crystal over the slip plane has slipped relative to the bottom portion. The line (AD) between the slipped and unslipped portions is the dislocation. The magnitude and direction of slip produced by dislocation (pink shaded) is the Burger vector, b, of the dislocation. Edge Dislocations In one type of dislocations, the Burger vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line and the distortion produces an extra half-plane above the slip plane. Extra half-plane Slip vector Screw Dislocations The other type of dislocation is the screw dislocation where the Burger vector is parallel to the dislocation line (AD). The trace of the atomic planes around the screw d