黄河遠上白雲間，一片孤城萬仞山，羌笛何須怨楊柳，春風-其他研究.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * The instructor should refer back to the earlier discussion of mirror neurons in Chapter 10. * Figure 13.18: The transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment that provides evidence for a link between speech perception and production in humans. See text for details. * * * * * * * Physiology of speech perception 神經元對語音的反應 反映語音中的頻率組成 猴子大腦相當於人類speech area 的區域對於猴子「叫聲」有反應 功能定位 Broca’s area (frontal lobe) Speaking Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe) Understanding speech Aphasia Damage in Broca’s and Wernicke’s area results in aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia Cannot comprehend speech Produce word salads A problem similar to the inability to perceive and produce phonemes foreign to the language Brain damage: having trouble in discriminating syllables but having ability to understand words. A “voice area” in the STS activated more by human voices than other sounds. Dual stream model of speech perception: Ventral stream for recognizing speech Dorsal stream linking the acoustic signal to movements for producing speech Motor Theory of Speech Perception Motor mechanisms responsible for producing sounds activate mechanisms for perceiving sound. monkeys have audiovisual mirror neurons. Hearing the sound of breaking a peanut Fig. 13-18, p. 299 Speech perception與speech production的關係 Is speech perception special? Does speech perception differ from the perception of other auditory stimuli? Duplex perception (右圖）受試者聽到 /da/ ← speech mode‘chirp’ ← auditory mode 當3rd formant transition低強度時聽到/da/，高強度時才產生duplex perception→語音優先於一般聽覺信號 不過其他研究者用非語音刺激製造出duplex perception 關門聲 高頻一左耳低頻一右耳 受試者聽到「關門聲」＋「沙沙聲」 美國 vs. 日本聽者 Phoneme perception 6MO 日本與美國嬰孩都可以區辨 /r/ /l/ 12Mo 日本嬰孩無法區辨，而美國嬰孩區辨得更好 Also the case for babbling Adults 美國-categorical perception 日本-continuous subvocal speech recognition /centers/ames/news/releases/2004/subvocal/subvocal.html NASA Ames Research Center silently spelled out ‘NASA’ then submitted it to a Web search engine electronically numbered the