对照翻译 chapter3-1.docVIP

Title : Explaining a Process or Procedure(Chapter 3-1)英汉对照 Major: Structural Engineering 0112Unit 3 Explaining a Process or Procedure 解释一个过程或者程序 Members of all academic disciplines work with processes or procedures. Students and faculty may be expected to explain, discover, create, implement, modify, or follow processes or procedures as part of their training or professional responsibilities. Processes are generally viewed as a progression or series of events, steps, or changes that have a beginning and end or end result. However, some processes are cyclical or continuing. Processes can be natural or can involve human intervention. Established processes for carrying out specific tasks are generally referred to as procedures. 所有的关于学术性的学科都需要与过程或者程序打交道。学生和研究人员可能会期待解释，发现，创造，执行，修改或者遵照过程或者程序来作为他们训练或者培养专业精神的一部分。过程一般被认为是一个进程或者是一系列的事件、步骤和改变，有开始有结束有结果。然而，一些过程是循环性的持续性的。过程的进行可以是自发的也可以是有人为干预的。执行特定任务的过程一般认为是程序。 Speeches about processes can be organized in various ways, depending on the purpose of the speech. For example, if we want to highlight several recent improvements on a process, we may simply enumerate the modifications using listing as the main organizational strategy. However, if our purpose is to explain a process, we will generally focus on the chronological dimension of the process and will choose chronological order as the main organizational strategy. In this unit, this chronological dimension will be emphasized. 关于过程的演讲可以组织成各种形式，取决于演讲的目的。例如，如果我们想要强调一个过程中最新的几项改进，我们可以列举这些改进然后使用列举作为主要的组织形式。然而，如果我们的目的是解释一个过程，那么我们将聚焦于这个过程的时间顺序，并且会时间顺序作为主要的组织策略。在本单元中，按时间顺序（的组织形式）将会被重点强调。 In academic English, it can be more challenging to explain a process than to describe a single object. Technical processes may involve not just one but several objects, such as a set of tools, as well as the materials and people needed to card them out. This is the case, for example, when an engineer describes how concrete is made, a profess