日冕加热与太阳风加速初步.ppt

日冕加热与太阳风加速 -- a (very, very) brief introduction Outline 太阳大气简介 日冕加热 为什么重要？为什么困难？ 太阳风加速 一点历史, many ingredients of which still apply 学术界目前的认识 小结 the innocuous Sun: need to go to the Space 若干太阳的事实：半径70万公里，距离地球=215太阳半径=1.5亿公里=8光分，表面重力加速度=274m/s2 是人类唯一可分辨的恒星，理解太阳对理解cool stars极重要！ 太阳的总体结构 Kirchhoffs laws A hot solid, liquid or gas, under high pressure, gives off a continuous spectrum. A hot gas under low pressure produces a bright-line or emission line spectrum. A dark line or absorption line spectrum is seen when a source of a continuous spectrum is viewed behind a cool gas under pressure. absorption lines: loads of them 1859: Busen Kirchoff devised spectroscope 1868: Helium identified by Sir Norman Lockyer 1879: Young Harkness noticed this 5303 green line remains mysterious for 60 years until Edlin determined its nature: Fe XIV!!!!!! How could the corona be so hot as reaching millions of Kelvin? So far a sense of height dependence of temperature? More about photosphere corona in EUV Soft X-ray 1-D temperature distribution Magnetic structuring of the solar atmosphere A digression to MHD (MagnetoHydroDynamics) Let us kick off with the motion of a charged particle 磁流体力学动量方程 Plasma beta, and how and when can we reduce the problem to Force-free and potential fields PFSS：potential field source surface Pink(green): open, outward(inward) pointing Black: closed Evolving picture of the solar atmosphere Evolving picture of the solar atmosphere Given the complexity, structuring, how do we define coronal heating? Magnetically closed vs. open Loops are basic building blocks of the solar corona However, there are unsung heroes: open structures Coronal heating means heating of both closed and open structures Heating of magnetically closed structures AC: wave heating DC: Joule heating AC heating: phase mixing as an example 效率：敏感地依赖于粘性 DC heating: magnetic braiding Steps involved Braiding of mag field lines Formation of current sheets Strong Joule heating Magnetic braiding made m