2.2 欧洲 交通 2007 peeters major environmental impacts of european tourist transport.pdfVIP

Journal of Transport Geography 15 (2007) 83–93 /locate/jtrangeo Major environmental impacts of European tourist transport Paul Peeters a,*, Eckhard Szimba b, Marco Duijnisveld c a NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport, P.O. Box 3917, 4800 DX Breda, The Netherlands b Institute for Economic Policy Research (IWW), Universitat Karlsruhe (TH), Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany ¨ c NEA Transport Research and Training, Sir Winston Churchilllaan 297, 2288 DC Rijswijk, The Netherlands Abstract By merging European passenger transport demand data with international tourism data, a new data model was created, giving insight in the environmental impacts of tourism transport between the places of residence of European Union citizens and their tourist desti- nations. Analysis with this data model shows that, of the environmental impacts considered (climate change, air quality, noise and nat- ure/landscape), climate change generates more than half of the externalities of tourist transport. Policies with the objective of reducing the external cost of European tourism should focus on measures reducing the impacts of tourist air transportation and intercontinental tourism. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Tourism; Transport; Environment; Climate change; Modelling; Scenarios 1. Introduction on travel distances and transport modes and generally fail to measure domestic tourism journeys. This lack of avail- Environmental impacts of trans