Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Pakistan (1992–2009).pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Tropical Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 960501, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2011/960501 Research Article Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Pakistan (1992–2009) Kauser Jabeen, Summiya Nizamuddin, Seema Irfan, Erum Khan, Faisal Malik, and Afia Zafar Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan Correspondence should be addressed to Kauser Jabeen, kausar.jabeen@ Received 4 April 2011; Revised 12 July 2011; Accepted 12 July 2011 Academic Editor: Thomas R. Unnasch Copyright © 2011 Kauser Jabeen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is global concern. We evaluated trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae over years 1992–2009 in Pakistan. Resistance rates were compared between years (2007–2009) and (1992–2006). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria using the disk diffusion methodology against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Additional antibiotics tested in 100 strains isolated during 2007–2009, included cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefipime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 was used as control. Chi-square for trend analysis was conducted to assess resistance trend over the study period. During study period significant increase in comb