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Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 865–881, 2009 Hydrology and /13/865/2009/ © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Earth System the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences A generic system dynamics model for simulating and evaluating the hydrological performance of reconstructed watersheds 1 1 2 N. Keshta , A. Elshorbagy , and S. Carey 1Centre for Advanced Numerical Simulation (CANSIM), Dept. of Civil and Geological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada 2Dept. Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada Received: 7 May 2008 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 17 June 2008 Revised: 11 May 2009 – Accepted: 25 May 2009 – Published: 22 June 2009 Abstract. A generic system dynamics watershed (GSDW) its spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and this heterogeneity model is developed and applied to five reconstructed wa- cannot be precisely known or described. In general, the focus tersheds located in the Athabasca mining basin, Alberta, of watershed modeling studies has been on rainfall-runoff re- Canada, and one natural watershed (boreal forest) located lations (Beven, 2001). Over the past few decades, countless in Saskatchewan, Canada, to simulate various hydrological number of watershed models has been developed around the processes in reconstructed and natural watersheds. This pa- world for a variety of applications. However, the main chal- per uses the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean ab- lenge remains in applying limited and imperfect knowledge solute r