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appendix strongfstrong christoffel symbols and covariant derivatives
Mathematical Physics: Applied Mathematics for Scientists and Engineers
Bruce R. Kusse and Erik A. Westwig
Copyright 02006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co KGaA
CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS AND
COVARIANT DERIVATIVES
Non-orthonormal coordinate systems become more complicated if the basis vectors
are position dependent. An example of a two-dimensional coordinate system of this
type is shown in Figure F. 1.In this system,the displacementvector can stillbe written
as
Since
dT = (af)dX dx + (z)8x2 dx2,
the covariant basis vectors are still identified as
but now are functions of position. The effect of nonconstant basis vectors is most
evident when applying derivativesto vector and scalar fields.
In Chapter 14,the gradientoperationwas discussed for skewedcoordinatesystems,
where the basis vectors were not orthonormal and had constant basis vectors. The
gradient was defined as
655
656 CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS
\
I
i --.
;x1
Figure El A Coordinate Systemin Curved Space
and the del operator itself was identified as
The derivative d+/dx, is the irh covariant component of the gradient vector. Notice
how the contravariant basis vector g is not differentiated. This is important, because
when we move to systemswhere the basis vectors are no longer constants,the gradient
operation does not need to be modified in any way.
Things are very differ
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