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How Euler Did It
by Ed Sandifer
e, and i: Why is “Euler” in the Euler identity?
August 2007
One of the most famous formulas in mathematics, indeed in all of science is commonly written
in two different ways:
ep i 1 or ep i 1 0 .
Moreover, it is variously known as the Euler identity (the name we will use in this column), the Euler
formula or the Euler equation. Whatever its name or form, it consistently appears at or near the top of
lists of people’s “favorite” results. It finished first in a 1988 survey by David Wells for Mathematics
Intelligencer of “most beautiful theorems.” It finished second in a 2004 survey by the editors of Physics
World to select the “greatest equations” and it was third in a 2007 survey of participants in an MAA
Short Course of “Euler’s greatest theorems.”1
Whether people call it a formula, an equation or an identity, and regardless of which form they
use, almost everyone credits the result to Euler. But it is not entirely clear why people give him credit
for this result, because he never wrote it down in anything remotely like this form, because he wasn’t the
first one to know the fact behind the formula, and because he himself credited that fact to his mentor,
Johann Bernoulli. In this column we will look at the origins of the Euler identity, see what Euler
contributed, and consider whether it is correctly named.
Phase 1: 1702 to 1729
There are two formulas that are closely related to the Euler identity. The first we will call the
“Euler formula”:2
eiq cosq i sin q
The Euler identity is an easy consequence of the Euler formula, taking q p . The second closely
related formula is DeMoivre’s formula:
n
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