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Faculty of Business and Economics
Industrial research versus development investment:
The implications of financial constraints
Dirk Czarnitzki, Hanna Hottenrott and Susanne Thorwarth
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS, STRATEGY AND INNOVATION (MSI)
OR 0905
Non-technical Summary
Industrial research and development (RD) activities constitute an important driver of
economic competitiveness. The impact of RD on productivity at the firm level stems from
the implementation of newly generated knowledge and technological discoveries into new
products, processes or services. Particularly the ‘R’ component of RD has been found to
drive productivity at the firm level. That is firms that invest a larger fraction of their total
RD on research (relative to development) are more productive both in terms of the
production of new knowledge, e.g. patens as well as overall factor productivity.
However, economic theory suggests that two types of market failure affect private
investments in research. First, private rates of return from research activities are smaller than
social rates of return because of the incompleteness of appropriability of the knowledge that is
being created by investment. Second, especially for (basic) research firms may face
difficulties in attracting external investors or get bank loans for financing these activities.
Complexity, specificity and outcome uncertainty of such investment projects may make it
particularly difficult for outsiders to judge the expected return of ‘R’ projects. Hence, for
firms with
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