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LETTERS
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 27 MAY 2012 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1479
Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics and
river incision
Isaac J. Larsen* and David R. Montgomery
The steep topography of mountain landscapes arises from
interactions among tectonic rock uplift, valley incision and
landslide erosion on hillslopes. Hillslopes in rapidly uplifting
landscapes are thought to respond to river incision into bedrock
by steepening to a maximum stable or ‘threshold’ angle1–3 .
Landslide erosion rates are predicted to increase nonlinearly
as hillslope angles approach the threshold angle1–7 . However,
the key tenet of this emerging threshold hillslope model
of landscape evolution—the coupled response of landslide
erosion to tectonic and fluvial forcing—remains untested. Here
we quantify landslide erosion rates in the eastern Himalaya,
based on mapping more than 15,000 landslides on satellite
images. We show that landslide erosion rates are significantly
correlated with exhumation rates and stream power and
that small increases in mean hillslope angles beyond 30
translate into large and significant increases in landslide
erosion. Extensive landsliding in response to a large outburst
flood indicates that lateral river erosion is a key driver of
landslide erosion on threshold hillslopes. Our results confirm
the existence of threshold hillslopes and demonstrate that
an increase in landslide erosion rates, rather than steepened
hillslope angles, is the primary mechanism by wh
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