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Tracking butterfly movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance a,1 b b c b b Otso Ovaskainen , Alan D. Smith , Juliet L. Osborne , Don R. Reynolds , Norman L. Carreck , Andrew P. Martin , a a ˜ Kristjan Niitepold , and Ilkka Hanski aDepartment of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland; bDepartment of Plant and Invertebrate Ecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; and c Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom Edited by Ran Nathan, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 28, 2008 (received for review February 26, 2008) We used harmonic radar to track freely flying Glanville fritillary realized movement track of an individual is affected by the butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) females within an area of 30 ha. But- individual’s motion capacity, by its navigation capacity, by its terflies originated from large and continuous populations in China motivation to move, and by a number of external factors, such as and Estonia, and from newly established or old ( 5 years) small the structure of the habitats in which the movements take place. local populations in a highly fragmented landscape in Finland. Further, the evolutionary response to landscape structure can be Caterpillars were raised under common garden conditions and masked by phenotypic plasticity (8, 9) and by interaction be- unmated females were tested soon after eclosion. The recon-