Chapter 25 - The Urinary System.pptVIP

End Chapter 25 * Secretion of NH3 and NH4+ Ammonia is a toxic waste absorbed from bacterial metabolism in the large intestine and ammonia is generated from the deamination of amino acids in the liver Liver converts ammonia to urea, a much less toxic nitrogenous waste PCT cells can also deaminate certain amino acids and secrete additional NH4+ with a Na+/NH4+ antiporter when blood pH becomes acidic Summary of Nephron FunctionsGFR ? 125 mL/min Summary of Nephron FunctionsPCT reabsorbs nutrients, electrolytes, and water Summary of Nephron Functions Loop also reabsorbs some electrolytes and water Summary of Nephron FunctionsDCT and Collecting Ducts continue the absorption of water and electrolyte, especially Na+ and HCO3-; DCT and CDs also secrete K+ and H+ and ammonia ions into the filtrate Summary of Nephron FunctionsThe final process to discuss is regulation of water balance – making a dilute or concentrated urine. Nephron Reaborbs ~99% of H2O Water balance determines the fate of the last 1%! Start with a GFR of 125 mLs/min: PCT reabsorbs 105 mLs/min and DCT reabsorbs 19 mLs/min leaving 1 mL/min as urinary output. 1440 mLs/day produced under these “standard” conditions. ~1 mL/Min is adjusted as needed by ADH. That is facultative water reabsorption. Adjusting Water Balance Distal tubular cells and cells in the collecting ducts expend ATP energy to create an osmotic gradient between the cortex and medulla of the kidney The key substances transported are urea and NaCl Countercurrent flow mechanisms maintain the osmotic gradient Countercurrent Flow Mechanisms Compare to a system of co-current flow: two pipes are semi-permeable the fluids flow in the same direction solutes will diffuse along concentration gradients solutes will all reach equilibrium values Countercurrent Flow Mechanisms In a system of countercurrent flow: two pipes are still semi-permeable but the fluids flow in opposite directions solutes again diffuse along concentration gradients the