Controllability analysis for process and control system design.pptVIP

Optimal Operation and Control of Refrigeration Processes(including LNG Plants) September 26, 2003 Outline The basic refrigeration cycle Other refrigeration processes Where is refrigeration applied? Energy saving by improved operation or control Optimal operation and control LNG plants Summary Acknowledgments References The Basic Refrigeration Cycle Operation and Control of Refrigeration Processes Main output: cooled stream outlet temperature Main input: compressor effect Several internal variables that must/may be be controlled: Pressure (and thereby temperature) before compressor Evaporator level Possible control inputs Expansion valve opening Heat transfer in condenser Cooled stream flow rate Refrigerant composition A Typical Control Structure Other Refrigeration Processes Multiple stages refrigeration Open liquefaction cycle: liquefied gas is withdrawn as product, replaced by dry gas (e.g. air) Absorption refrigeration – no compressor needed (e.g. gas refrigerators) Where Is Refrigeration Applied? Refrigerators and freezers in homes, warehouses, hospitals Processing and transport of food Air conditioning Heat pumps (efficient heating by cooling the environment) Process industry whenever cooling water temperature is not sufficient Liquefaction and separation of air: oxygen, nitrogen, argon Liquefaction of gases: LNG, hydrogen, helium, chlorine, … Re-liquefaction (ship gas transport) Conventional superconductors Particle accelerator (e.g. CERN), 1.9K Rocket fuel: liquid hydrogen and oxygen Energy Saving by Improved Control or Operation EU, 1990: the total electricity consumption for refrigeration in the food industry was estimated at 8TWh/year (Norway’s total electrical energy production 2002: 122TWh/year) Centre for Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies (CADDET). Improved control examples: Gilde, Norway: run the “correct” compressors (5% savings) Inghams Enterprises