ChapterEconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade讲解.pptVIP

6-* Dumping : An Example of Monopoly Competition and Trade) Dumping is the practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than for goods sold domestically. Dumping is an example of price discrimination(价格歧视): the practice of charging different customers different prices. Price discrimination and dumping may occur only if imperfect competition exists: firms are able to influence market prices. markets are segmented so that goods are not easily bought in one market and resold in another. 6-* Dumping (cont.) Dumping may be a profit maximizing strategy because of differences in foreign and domestic markets. One difference is that domestic firms usually have a larger share of the domestic market than they do of foreign markets. Because of less market dominance and more competition in foreign markets, foreign sales are usually more responsive to price changes than domestic sales. 由于厂商在国内的市场份额大于其在国际市场中的份额（即在国内市场类似一个垄断者，在国际市场中类似一个竞争者），国外消费者对价格的敏感程度更高（厂商面临的国外消费者需求曲线更平坦，消费者需求弹性更大），所以对国外消费者制定的价格更低。 6-* Dumping (cont.) We draw a diagram of how dumping occurs when a firm is a monopolist in the domestic market but must compete in foreign markets. Because the firm is a monopolist in the domestic market, the demand function that it faces in the domestic market is downward sloping, and marginal revenue from additional output is always less than a uniform price for all units of output. Because the firm competes in foreign markets, the demand function that it faces in foreign markets is more horizontal, representing the fact that exports are very responsive to small price changes. (a)本国市场 (b)国外市场 (c)两个市场总和 倾销与企业的利润最大化 E点是垄断企业获得最大利润的生产均衡点。根据利润最大化要求， 企业在各个市场上都应是MR=MC，沿着MCE水平线在(a)和(b)中找 到国内外市场的生产均衡点Ed和Ef。使企业利润最大化的总产量中， 国内销售量为Qd，国外销售量为Qf。在价格方面，国内和国外市场 价格分别是Pd和Pf，且PdPf。 6-* Anti-Dumping Dumping (as well as price discrimination in domestic markets) is widely regarded as unfair. (倾销被认为是一种不公平的贸易行为) A US firm may appeal to the Commerce Department to investigate if dumping by foreign fi